Vertical Curves
 Grading
 The Shape Of A Vertical
    Curve
 Properties Of A Parabola
 Highest (Or Lowest Point)
    On A Crest Curve
 Lengths Of Vertical
    Curves
 Centrifugal Effects
 Sight Distance
 Setting Out Vertical
    Curves
 Example

Grading

Grades are selected which provide a balance between cut and fill in the construction, and should also insure correct drainage of the road surface. Gradient sign convention is as follows: gradients rising to the right are positive; gradients falling to the right are negative. Gradients are specified as a percentage The left-hand gradient is designated as p%, the right-hand q%. Algebraic difference of gradients is always (p - q)%.